Adverb of Place and Direction

Adverb of place and direction adalah adverb (kata keterangan) yang digunakan untuk menyatakan tempat dan arah terjadinya suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa. Adapula adverbial berupa prepositional phrase (berupa preposition of place) yang dapat berfungsi seperti adverb of place.

Berikut beberapa contoh kalimat adverb(ial) of place and direction.

Contoh Adverb(ial) of Place and Direction	Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Place
here (di sini/ke sini) there (di sana/ke sana)	He is watching the football match there. (Dia sedang menonton pertandingan bola di sana.)
in bandung (di Bandung)	Alma works in Bandung for a while. (Alma bekerja di Bandung untuk sementara.)
north (utara) south (selatan) east (timur) west (barat)	My apartment faces north. (Apartemen saya menghadap utara.)
north of… (utara dari…) south of… (selatan dari…) east of… (timur dari…) west of Cilegon (barat dari Cilegon)	They built a house ten miles west of Cilegon. (Mereka membangun rumah sepuluh kilometer ke barat dari Cilegon.)
to Jakarta (ke Jakarta)	I’m on a flight to Jakarta. (Saya sedang dalam penerbangan ke Jakarta.)
above (di atas) upstairs (di atas) below (di bawah) back (di belakang) around (sekeliling)	The jet plane flew above. (Pesawat jet terbang di atas.)
away (jauh)	She lives away from her parents. (Dia tinggal jauh dari orangtua nya.)
somewhere (di suatu tempat) everywhere (dimana-mana)	You can find the mineral water everywhere. (Kamu dapat menemukan mineral water itu dimana-mana.)

Adverb of Manner (Kata Keterangan Cara)

Adverb of Manner

Adverb of manner adalah adverb (kata keterangan) yang digunakan untuk menyatakan cara suatu kegiatan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. How (bagaimana) dapat digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan untuk menunjukkan adverb of manner.

Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Manner

Beberapa contoh kalimat adverb of manner dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Contoh Adverb of Manner	Arti	Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Manner
automatically	secara otomatis	The toaster will automatically turn off. (Pemanggang roti akan mati secara otomatis.)
beautifully	dengan cantik	The rich woman learned from experts how to arrange flowers beautifully. (Wanita kaya tersebut belajar dari para ahli bagaimana cara merangkai bunga dengan cantik.)
calmly	dengan tenang	Students have to walk calmly in the school. (Para siswa harus berjalan dengan tenang di dalam sekolah)
carefully	secara hati-hati	Please read the instructions carefully before you filling the form. (Tolong baca instruksi tersebut dengan hati-hati sebelum kamu mengisi formulir.)
fast	dengan cepat	He said that he always drives fast. (Dia mengatakan bahwa dia selalu mengemudi dengan cepat.)
fluently	dengan lancar	The requirement to join the program is can speak English fluently. (Syarat untuk bergabung program itu adalah dapat berbicara bahasa inggris dengan lancar.)
gently	secara lembut	You will wipe my LCD screen gently, will you? (Kamu akan melap layar LCD-ku dengan lembut kan?)
happily	dengan bahagian	The new young married couple live happily in their small cottage. (Pasangan pengantin muda baru itu hidup dengan bahagia di pondok kecil mereka.)
hard	dengan keras	He wanted to know the difference between working hard and working smart. (Dia ingin tau perbedaan antara bekerja keras dengan bekerja cerdas.)
peacefully	secara damai	I prefer to live peacefully to hate other people even though they tease me. (Saya lebih memilih hidup secara damai daripada membenci orang lain meskipun mereka menjahati saya.)
quickly	dengan cepat	My mother got up early and cooked breakfast quickly. (Ibuku bangun pagi dan memasak sarapan dengan cepat.)
slowly	dengan lambat	She carried out the homework slowly. (Dia mengerjakan PR dengan lambat)
suddenly	secara tiba-tiba	The rain came suddenly without little warning. (Hujan datang secara tiba-tiba tanpa peringatan sedikitpun.)
together	bersama-sama	Let’s do over this report together. (Ayo ulangi laporan ini bersama-sama.)
well	dengan baik	Chewing our food well may be one of the simple acts to help our digestion. (Menguyah makan dengan baik mungkin satu dari tindakan sederhana untuk membantu pencernaan kita.)

Adverb of Time (Kata keterangan Waktu)

Adverb of time adalah adverb (kata keterangan) yang digunakan untuk menyatakan waktu terjadinya suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa. When merupakan kata tanya yang dapat digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan untuk menunjukkan adverb of time.

Adapun contoh adverb of time beserta contoh kalimatnya dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Contoh Adverb of Time	Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Time
already (sudah)	I, together with my pals, already have eaten lunch. (Saya bersama para sahabat sudah makan siang.)
finally (akhirnya)	Tita finally found a solution to solve her academic problem.) (Tita akhrinya menemukan sebuah solusi untuk mengatasi masalah akademiknya.)
recently (baru saja)	The children have recently went home. (Anak-anak baru saja pulang.)
now (sekarang)	Please call me later, I’m studying now. (Tolong hubungi lagi nanti, saya sedang belajar sekarang.)
today (hari ini)	Athiya arrives from Osaka today. (Athiya tiba dari Osaka hari ini.)
from … to/until … (dari…sampai)	She’ll prepare for the final test from now to the next saturday. (Dia akan mempersiapkan tes akhir dari sekarang sampai sabtu depan.)
in the 20th century (abad keduapuluh), in the past (dulu)	In the 20th century, there are so many social networking websites. (Pada abad keduapuluh, ada begitu banyak website jejaring sosial.)
ago (yang lalu), two days ago (dua hari lalu), a month ago (satu bulan lalu)	They sent a box of tiramisu cake to me eleven days ago. (Mereka mengirim sekotak kue tiramisu untukku sebelah hari yang lalu.)
last tuesday (selasa lalu) last week (minggu lalu), last month (bulan lalu), last year (tahun lalu)	I paid a call my friend in the hospital last week. (Saya menjenguk teman di rumah sakit minggu kemarin.)
yesterday (kemarin), yesterday morning (kemarin pagi), yesterday afternoon (kemarin siang), yesterday night (kemarin malam)	He got the birthday surprise party yesterday. (Dia mendapat kejutan pesta ulang tahun kemarin.)
since 1983 (sejak 1983)	The factory has operated since 1983. (Pabrik tersebut telah beroparasi sejak 1983.)
then (pada saat itu)	She was poor then. (Dia miskin pada saat itu.)
tomorrow (besok), tomorrow morning (besok pagi)	She’ll have dinner at the cafe near her home tomorrow. (Dia akan makan malam di kafe dekat rumah besok.)

Adverb (Kata Keterangan)

Pengertian Adverb

Adverb adalah kata yang berfungsi untuk mendeskripsikan verb (kata kerja), adjective (kata sifat), atau adverb lain. Kata keterangan bahasa Inggris ini merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech yang mungkin berbentuk sederhana (fast, there, usually), atau berbentuk frasa (adverb phrase).

Macam, Fungsi, dan Contoh Adverb

Berikut macam, fungsi, dan contoh adverb.

• Time (waktu): menyatakan waktu terjadinya suatu kegiatan/peristiwa (now, today, yesterday).
• Manner (cara): menyatakan cara suatu kegiatan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi (automatically, beautifully, fast).
• Degree (derajat): menyatakan sampai seberapa jauh (tingkatan atau derajat) suatu kegiatan/peristiwa (absolutely, barely, really).
• Modality (harapan): menyatakan tingkat keyakinan/harapan (likely, maybe, probably).
• Frequency (frekuensi): menyatakan seberapa sering suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa dilakukan atau terjadi (always, often, rarely).
• Place & Direction (tempat & arah): menyatakan tempat dan arah terjadinya suatu kegiatan/peristiwa (here, in, somewhere).
• Purpose: menjawab pertanyaan “why” (for a reason, to buy some clothes).
• Focus: menunjukkan bahwa apa yang dibicarakan terbatas pada bagian yang difokuskan (also, just, only).

Contoh Kalimat Adverb:

• Please call me later, I’m studying now. (Tolong hubungi saya nanti, saya sedang belajar sekarang.)
• He is watching the football match there. (Dia sedang menonton pertandingan sepakbola disana.)

   

   

  Adverb Placement & Order

  Adverb Placement: adverb mungkin dapat ditempatkan di awal (Maybe I call her tonight), tengah (They’ve recently went home), atau akhir kalimat (He always drives fast). Jika ada lebih dari satu kata keterangan di dalam suatu kalimat, kita perlu mengikuti aturan adverb order: manner – place – frequency – time – purpose.

  Contoh Kalimat Adverb Order:

  I took the cooking course for three days every week last month. (Saya mengambil kursus memasak selama tiga hari seminggu bulan lalu.)

   

  Adverb Degree

  Untuk menyatakan perbandingan, dapat digunakan adverb dalam bentuk:
• positive degree: membandingkan kesetaraan (She walks as slowly as a turtle.)
• comparative degree: untuk membandingkan dua hal (She walks slower than a turtle.)
• superlative degree: untuk membandingkan tiga hal atau lebih (She runs the most slowest in my class.)

 

Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Clause merupakan dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai kata keterangan dan memberikan informasi tentang verb, adjective, atau kata keterangan lain pada independent clause di dalam suatu complex sentence.

Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause:

When he didn’t come last night, he notified by phone. (Ketika dia tidak datang semalam, dia mengabari melalui telepon.)
Mempersingkat adverbial clause (reduced adverbial clause) dapat dilakukan dengan syarat di dalam complex sentence hanya terdapat satu subject.

Contoh Kalimat Reduced Adverbial Clause:

When not coming last night, he notified by phone. (Ketika tidak datang semalam, dia mengabari melalui telepon

Adjective (Kata Sifat)

A. Pengertian Adjective ( Kata sifat )
Adjective adalah kata yang di gunakan untuk memberi sifat ppada suatu benda atau kata yang memberi kekuatan untuk membatasi dalam pemakaian kata benda ( NOUN ).

B. Jenis dari Adjective ( Kata sifat )
Jenis dari Adjective ada 8 ( Delapan ) macam, yaitu :
1. Adjective of Quality ( Kata sifat keadaan )
2. Adjective of Q uantity ( Kata sifat jumlah )
3. Adjective of Numeral ( Kata sifat bilangan )
4. Interrogative Adjective ( Kata sifat untuk bertanya )
5. Proper Adjective
6. Demonstrative Adjective
7. Distributive Adjective
8. Possesive Adjective

4 ( empat ) dari 8 ( delapan ) pembagian Adjective, yaitu meliputi dari Adjective of Quality, Adjective of Quantity, Adjective of Numeral, dan Interrogative Adjective.

1. ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY
a. Pengertian adjective of quality
Adjective of quality adalah kata yang di gunakan untuk memberi sifat benda pada keadaan, antara lain seperti ;
– Beautiful : cantik
– Stupid : bodoh
– Strong ; kuat
– Nice : manis
– Cool : dingin
– Brave ; berani
– Expensive : mahal, dan lain-lain.
b.Tempat-tempat dari Adjective
Di tinjau dari penggunaan kalimat Adjective of quality dapat di temukan di beberapa tempat, antara lain :
1. Adjective of quality di depan benda
2. Adjective of quality sesudah to be ( am, is, are )
3. Adjective of quality sesudah penderita ( object )
1. Adjective of quality di depan benda
Adjective of quality di depan benda adalah kata sifat yang keadaan nya terjadi di depan benda.
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh pemakaian kalimat Adjective of quality di depan benda, yaitu :
– He is foolish boy ( dia adalah anak laki-laki bodoh )
– The rose is beautiful flower ( rose adalah bunga yang indah )
– Carolina is nice girl ( Carolina adalah gadis yang manis )
– The hot coffe is not drunk ( kopi panas tidak dapat di minum )
– The dead cat is buried ( kucing mati itu di kubur )
2. Adjective of quality sesudah tobe ( am, is, are )
Adjective of quality adalah sesudah to be ( am, is, are ) adalah kata sifat yang keadaan nya terjadi sesudah to be ( am, is, are ).
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh pemakaian kalimat Adjective of quality sesudah to be ( am, is, are ), yaitu :
– The man is cruel ( orang itu adalah kejam )
– The girl is beautiful ( gadis itu adalah cantik )
– The students is clever ( murid itu adalah pintar )
– The coffe is hot ( kopi itu adalah panas )
3. Adjective of quality sesudah penderita ( object )
Adjective of quality sesudah penderita ( object ) adalah kata sifat yang keadaan nya terjadi sesudah penderita ( object ).
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh pemakaian kalimat Adjective of quality sesudah penderita ( object ), yaitu :
– I meat the dog dead ( aku bertemu anjing mati )
– We like the drink cool ( kami menyukai minuman dingin )
– They suppose me clever ( mereka menggangap aqku pandai )
2. ADJECTIVE OF QUANTITY
a. Pengertian adjective of quantity
Adjective of quantity adalah kata yang memberi sifat benda pada jumlah, antara lain seperti :
– Much : banyak
– Some : beberapa
– Enough : cukup
– Whole : seluruh
– Little : sedikit
– No : tidak ada sesuatu pun
– Any : jumlah sedikit
– All : semua
– Half : setengah
– Sufficien : cukup
b. Tempat-tempat dari adjective of quantity
Di tinjau dari penggunaan kalimat adjective of quantity dapat di temukan di beberapa tempat, antara lain :
1. Adjective of quantity di depan benda
2. Adjective of quantity sesudah tobe ( am, is, are )
3. Adjective of quantity sesudah penderita ( object )
1. Adjective of quantity di depan benda
Adjective of quantity di depan benda adalah kata sifat yang jumlah nya terjadi di depan benda,.
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh pemakaian kalimat adjective of quantity di depan benda antara lain seperti :
– We ate some food ate the restaurant ( kami memakan beberapa makanan di restaurant )
– I have bought much coffe from the coffe shop ( aku telah membeli banyak kopi di took )
– She has a some book English in the hom her ( dia mempunyai beberapa buku bahasa inggris di rumah nya )
2.Adjective of quantity sesudah to be ( am, is, are )
Adjective of quantity seudah to be adlah kata sifat yang jumlah nya terjadi sesudah to be ( am, is, are ).
Beikut ini adaah beeapa contoh adjective of quantity sesudah to be ( am, is, are ), antara lain seperti :
– The water is much in the drain ( air banyak did lam selokan
– Its speaking is much not to understood ( pembicaraan nya banyak tidak dapat di mengerti )
– Ther money is a little in pasifik bank ( uang mereka sedikit yang ada di bank pacific )
3.adjective of quantity sesudah penderita ( object )
Adjective of quantity sesudah penderita adalah kata sifat yang jumlah nya terjadi sesudah penderita ( object ).
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh pemakaian kalimat adjective of quantity sesudah penderita ( object ), antara lain seperti :
– He gives much medicine to me ( dia memberi obat banyak kepada ku )
– I see the little tea remaind on the table ( aku melihat sedikit the tertinggal di atas meja )
– She cooks any food to our frinds ( dia memasak sedikit makanan untuk teman-teman kita )
3.ADJECTIVE OF NUMERAL
          a. Pembagian adjective of numeral
Adjective of numeral terdiri dari :
1. Definite numeral ( bilangan pokok )
2. Undefenite numeral ( bilangan tak tetu )
     1. Definite numeral
          Definite numeral terdiri dari :
           – Cardinal number ( bilangan pokok )
           – Ordinal number ( bilangan urutan )
           – Multicative number ( bilangan perlipat gandaan )

• Cardinal number ( bilangan pokok )

– 0 : zero
– 1 : one
– 2 : two
– 3 : three
– 4 : fourt
– 5 : five
– 10 : ten
– 20 : twenty
– 100 : one hundred
– 1000 :one thousand
– 10000 : ten thousand
– 100000 : one hundred thousand
– 1000000 : one million
– 1 M : one billion

Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh pemakaian kalimat adjective numeral pada cardinal number
( bilangan pokok ), antara lain seperti :
– He has six daughter ( dia mempunyai enam anak perempuan )
– They have bought two books ( mereka telah membeli dua buku )
– I have three brother ( aku mempunyai tiga saudara laki-laki)

• Ordinal number ( bilangan bertingkat )

– 1st :first: pertama
– 2nd : Second : KEDUA
– 3rd : Third :ke tiga
– 4th : FOURTH : ke empat
– 5th : fifth : KE LIMA
– 6th : SIXTH : ke enam
– 7th : seventh : KE TUJUH
– 10th : TENTH : ke sepuluh
– 11th : eleventh ; ke sebelas
– 20th : twentieth : KE 20
– 21st : TWENTY-FIRST : ke 21
– 22nd : twenty-second : ke 22
– 24th : twenty-fourth : ke 24
– Etc. : dll.
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh pemakaian kalimat adjective numeral pada ordinal
– Tina is the sixth daughter of Mr. Amir ( Tina adalah anak ke enam dari tuan Amir )
– English is first lesson to day ( bahasa inggris adalah pelajaran pertama hari ini )
– Azizah is first love me ( Azizah adalah cinta pertamaku )
-Multicative number ( Bilangan perlipat gandaan )
-a pair : sepasang
-double : dobel
-ten fold : lipat sepuluh
-dozen : selusin
-gross ; dua belas lusin
-etc.
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh pemakaian kalimat adjective numeral pada multicative number
 ( bilangan jumlah perlipat gandaan ), antara lain seperti :
I had bought a pair of shoes in the shop ( saya telah membeli sepasang sepatu di toko )
They have brought a dozen of drawing book ( mereka teleh membawa selusin buku gambar )

4.INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE
Interrogative adjective terdiri dari ;
– Interrogative adjective “ WHAT “
– Interrogative adjective “ WHOSE “
– Interrogative adjective “ WHICH “
Interrogative adjective mempunyai syarat tertentu yaitu interrogative adjective nya harus di dekat kan langsung dengan kata benda.
1. Interrogative adjective “ WHAT “
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh pemakaian kalimat interrogative adjective pada “ WHAT “, antara lain seperti :
– What lesson do you think very difficult ? ( pelajaran apa yang kamu pikir sangat sulit ? )
– What food do you very like ? ( makanan apa yang sangat kamu suka ? )
2. Interrogative adjective “ WHOSE “
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh pemakaian kalimat interrogative adjective pada “ WHOSE “, antara lain seperti :
– Whose book is that beside yours ? ( buku siapa itu yang berada di samping mu ? )
– Whose pen is that on the table ? ( pene siapa itu yang berada diatas meja ? )
3. Interrogative adjective “ WHICH “
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh pemakaian kalimat interrogative adjective pada “ WHICH “, antara lain seperti :
– which book is yours on the table ? ( buku mana yang kamu punya di atas meja itu ? )
– which magazine have you read yesterday ? ( majalah mana yang telah kamu baca kemarin ? )
– which girl is you sister ? ( anak perempuan mana adik mu ? )

Related :
Pronoun
Noun
Subjunctive
Parts of Speech

Pronoun

1. Definisi Pronoun

Pronoun atau kata ganti adalah kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang atau benda. Ada 5 jenis kata ganti orang, yaitu yang berfungsi sebagai subject (Subject Pronouns), sebagai object (object pronoun), sebagai adjective (possessive adjectives), untuk menyatakan kepunyaan (possessive pronouns), dan untuk menyatakan refleksi diri (reflexive atau reciprocal pronouns). 

Pronoun umumnya menggantikan posisi noun yaitu sebagai subject, object ataupun complement.Jadi kami dapat menyimpulkan bahwa pronoun adalah  kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang, hewan, dan benda.  

Kata ganti dalam bahasa inggris (Pronouns) adalah kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan kata benda (nouns), kata benda ini dapat berupa manusia, hewan, tempat dan konsep abstrak. 

2. Bentuk-bentuk Pronoun

Ada 3 bentuk Pronoun yaitu Personal, Possessive, Reflexive Pronouns

Untuk membedakan ketiganya perhatikan tabel di bawah ini:

Personal Pronouns		Possessive Pronouns		Reflexive Pronouns
Subject	Object	Possessive Adjective	Possessive Pronouns
I	Me	My …	Mine	Myself
You	You	Your …	Yours	Yourself
They	Them	Their …	Theirs	Themselves
We	Us	Our …	Ours	Ourselves
He	Him	His …	His	Himself
She	Her	Her …	Hers	Herself
It	It	Its …	Its	Itself

Contoh:

I go with her to his house. (Artinya: Saya pergi dengan dia ke rumahnya)

She visits our home. (Artinya: Dia mengunjungi rumah kita)

Its tail is very long. (Artinya: Ekornya sangat panjang)

A. Personal Pronoun

Adalah Kata ganti orang atau benda yang menempati posisi subject dan object.

1. Pronoun Subject: Kata ganti yang menjadi subject (pokok kalimat)

• “Where is Fanny?” “She is in the kitchen.”
• Fiand didn’t go out last night. He stayed at home.

    2.  Pronoun Object: Kata ganti yang menjadi object.

• Ato likes them.
• My Brother hates you.
• Can you lend me some money?

 B. Demonstrative Pronoun (Kata Ganti Penunjuk)

This = ini (digunakan untuk benda dekat tunggal), contohnya:

• This is my pen. (Artinya: Ini pulpen saya)
• What is this? (Artinya: Apa ini?)

These = ini (digunakan untuk benda dekat jamak), contohnya:

• These are our cars. (Artinya: Ini adalah mobil-mobil kita)
• What are these? (Artinya: Apa ini?)

That = itu (digunakan untuk benda jauh tunggal), contohnya:

• That is your pen. (Artinya: itu pulpen kamu)
• What is that? (Artinya: Apa itu?)

Those = itu (digunakan untuk benda jauh jamak), contohnya:

• Those are our car. (Artinya: itu adalah mobil-mobil kita)
• What are those? (Artinya: Apa itu?)

C. Indefinite Pronouns

Adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang atau benda dan quantity belum jelas.

Each = setiap, tiap-tiap, masing-masing

Contoh:

I have two books, each costs Rp. 50.000,-

(Artinya: Saya punya dua buku, masing-masing seharga Rp. 50.000,-)

One atau Ones = yang lainnya, yang satu.

Contoh:

This pen is new, but that one is old.

(Artinya: Pena ini baru, tetapi yang satu itu sudah tua/ lama.)

Someone; Somebody; Somewhere; Anyone; Anybody; Anything; Something; Anywhere

Dalam hal ini some digunakan dalam kalimat positif(+) dan any (-) digunakan dalam kalimat negatif, contohnya:

• I left it somewhere.
• I didn’t go anywhere.

Each other = satu sama lain, untuk 2 orang.

One another = satu sama lain, untuk lebih dari 2 orang.

Contoh:

• They help each other.
• Love one another.

Another = yang lain, untuk benda tunggal tak tentu.

Others = yang lain, untuk benda jamak tak tentu.

The other = yang lain, untuk benda tunggal tertentu.

The others = yang lain, untuk benda jamak tertentu.

Contoh:

• I don’t like this pen. I want another.
• These cars are very expensive. I want others.

D. Interogative Pronouns

 Adalah kata tanya yang digunakan sebagai pronoun, yaitu who, whom, what, dan which.

Who = siapa (menanyakan orang sebagai subject).

Contohnya: Who teaches you English?

Whom = siapa (menanyakan orang sebagai object).

Contohnya: Whom does she love?

Whose = kepunyaan siapa

Contohnya: Whose car is this?

What = apa (menanyakan nama, benda, pekerjaan, atau jabatan).

Contohnya: What is your name?

Which= yang mana

Contohnya: Which do you prefer, the tea or the coffee?

Where= dimana/ kemana

Contohnya: Where do you go?

When= kapan

Contohnya: When can you visit?

Why= mengapa/ kenapa

Contohnya: Why do you love me?

How= bagaimana, dengan apa

Contohnya: How does he teach you every day?

E. Reflexive Pronoun

Reflexive pronouns adalah kata ganti yang merupakan refleksi dari kata ganti (pronoun) itu sendiri. Kata-kata ganti ini mencakup myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, oursevels, yourselves, dan themselves. Kata-kata ini digunakan apabila subjek dan objek dalam sebuah kelimat merupakan orang yang sama.

Contoh:

- I hit myself with a stick

- Fandy hits himself with a hammer

Kalimat-kalimat berikut tidak benar:

• I hit me with a stick (wrong)
• Jack hit him with a stick (wrong)

Tetapi perlu dingat, apabila subjek dan objek adalah orang yang berbeda, maka digunakan kata ganti benda/orang seperti biasa (me, he, se, it, us, dan them.

• I hit her (Diana) with a stick
• Jack hit him (John) with a stick

F.      Possesive Pronoun

        Adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepemilikan yang berasal dari personal pronoun.

Contoh:

• This is your book. → This book is yours.
• Jack is my friend. → Jack is a friend of mine.

G.  Reciprocal  Pronoun

      Adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan hubungan saling berinteraksi.

• Each other → ‘Saling’ untuk dua orang/benda

• One another → ‘Saling’ untuk lebih dari dua orang atau benda.

Contoh:

• Tom and Ann kept looking at each other and smiling.
• Tom and Jerry are interested in each other.
• The students throw one another.

H.   Relative Pronoun

    Adalah kata ganti yang mengacu pada noun yang berada sebelum relative pronoun atau relative clauses (adjective clause). Relative Pronoun merupakan pronoun yang mengawali adjective clause/relative clause.

•  Who / whom    → Mengacu pada orang (person)

•  Which             → Mengacu pada benda (thing)

•  That                 → Mengacu pada keduanya (person and thing)

Contoh:

Relative Pronoun as Subject

• What’s the name of the tall man who just came in?
• It’s a book which will interest children of all ages.
• The people that live next door keep having all-night parties

Relative Pronoun as Object

• He has married somebody whom I really do not like.
• I gave him an envelope , which he put in his pocket at once.
• Here are the papers that you were looking for.

3. Fungsi Pronoun

Fungsi pronoun: untuk menyebut sesuatu atau sesorang sebagai ganti kata benda yang sudah disebut dalam kalimat sebelumnya atau si pembicara dan pendengar sudah sama-sama mengetahui benda mana yang dimaksud. Bila tidak ada pronoun kita harus mengulang kata atau frase benda berkali-kali.

Contoh:

• Do you know the man over there? It seems the man is looking for something. Let’s come near to the man. Perhaps we can help the man.

Noun

The Noun (Kata benda)

A Noun is a words used to name a person, thing, place, or an idea

        ex:

• Persons  : Farah, Baco, Yudhi, Steven 
• Places    : Jakarta, Brazil, Paris
• Things    : Book, Table, Sky, House
• Ideas      : Love, Hope, Disappointment  

Noun may be classified as either common and proper noun
 
Common   Noun                                                      Proper Noun

City                                          Jakarta, Seoul, Tokyo, California
University                                Oxford, Hasanuddin Univ.,Cambridge univ.
Mountains                                Everest, Ural, Merapi
Month                                      April, May, October
President                                 Sby, Obama, H. Mobarak

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The Part of Speech

Ada sembilan bagian dari Parts of speech. Berikut daftarnya:

• Noun (kata benda)
• Pronoun (kata ganti benda)
• Adjective (Kata Sifat)
• Verb (Kata kerja)
• Adverb (Kata keterangan)
• Preposition (kata Depan)
• Article (Kata sandang)
• Conjunction (Kata Sambung)
• Interjection (Kata Seru)

Bitter Rendezvous

A man walked along a small dike in the middle of wheat farm. He sometimes wagged his hand and greeted some people who were busy to clean the farm from grass. With a big bundle of fresh grass on his shoulder, he walked very carefully on the narrow and slippery dike. His own sweat wet his strong and powerful body. The sun radiated hotly but he never mind it because the sun helped to grow the farm and the grass for his cows.
He kept walking toward the building across the wheat farm. As he walked, the wheat leaves spread across the path and he pushed him aside with his left arm.
He stopped in front of the fence in the end of the dike. There across the fence, was the building he walked for with its old wood wall and large yard around it. He walked through the fence and entered to the building.
“Hi guys, how are you? Sorry, your breakfast is late today” He spoke while putting down the grass he carried. He never got answer but he like to greet them every day.
“Eat much! After this, I had to clean the farm. I’ll be back in the afternoon to take your milk. He kept talking while dividing the grass for the cows.
The cows seemed understand what he said. They ate the grass as the man put it in front of them. Seeing the cows ate the grass greedily, a satisfied smile came out on the man’s lips.
“Good. Eat much and give me lot of milk. I need money from your milk. I am homesick. Three years apart from home is really a serious sadness. I miss all I had leaved and I want to repay all I had leaved after this”.
After talking with his cows, the man took his sickle. He grinded it, then walked out toward the wheat farm next to the yard of the building. When he reached the wheat farm, he stopped. He looked around for a while. A few second then, he jumped to the wheat farm and disappeared into the wheat.
****
Eliza Pratiwi sat in the edge of her bed while looking out to the small pine forest beyond. There, she could hear the sound of the stream of Queen River. Her memory was flashback to the past time. Under the rain and thunder, she saw herself played water with a man. They were wet but happy. They used to play and swim in that river. There was a pine tree in the edge of the river, where they used to take rest. They made a cradle from rope under the tree. Accompanied by the sound of the stream, the singing of bird and the blossom flower, they used to sing songs, laughed and cried together in that place. There was the place they shared everything and the place they declared a promise of love.
“Oh My God, what am I doing? I have a new life now. Why should I remember the past?” she spoke to herself. She shook her head while smiling and went to the bathroom.
The rain had stopped when a horn of car rang in front of Eliza’s house. A good-looking man sat in the driving seat waiting for Eliza. He gave a smile when Eliza came out from her house.
”Good morning Eliza. You are wonderful today” The man greeted Eliza as she reached the car.
“Morning Dion. Stop threat me so. You never give up uh?” Eliza laughed.
“Never. You know that. It’s really hard to win you heart, fkwasn’t it?” the man called Dion also laughed.
“I know” Eliza smiled.
That the way why she loved him so much. She remembered three years ago, Dion tried to get her love but she didn’t open yet her heart to someone else after her boyfriend leaved her. Dion never give up. He did all he could do to attract her. Leaved by her boy, she fell into depression and suicide treatment. Dion came to amuse her and brought her a new life. When Eliza was sad and cried, Dion appeared to change it into happiness and laugh. If she was in fear and loneliness, Dion brought her strength for her soul. That was why she couldn’t lose or apart from him anymore. Not for the second time, she thought. Therefore, after waiting for one year, Eliza accepted Dion’s love.
“Here we go. We are in campus now my princess” Dion’s voice broke Eliza’s dream. He parked his car and opened the car’s door for Eliza. Then, they walked together into their campus.

****

An old Chevrolet stopped in the edge of road beside the wheat farm. The birds that were eating the wheat ran away as the car door opened. A little blonde girl got off from the car, followed by a young girl. The young girl smiled looking at the large farm in front of her. As the wind blew, she closed her blue eyes and felt the smell of wheat came in her nose.
“Come on Ms. Evelyn. This way” The little girl took her arm and led her to the small dike in the middle of the farm.
The dike was slippery and they walked carefully. They sometimes jumped to avoid the hole. Few minutes then, they arrived in the end of the dike and a yard crossed their sight.
“There is my father’s husbandry. I guess my Odd Brother is feeding the cows there” The little girl pointed the building in the middle of the yard.
Then, the little girl ran to the building “Odd Brother! Where are you?” She yelled.
Hearing someone called him, the man inside the building stopped on his work. His face changed into a curious mimic. He knew the voice. Carla Rake, the daughter of Rake Douglas, the owner of the husbandry and the wheat farm who he lived with, owned the voice. He ran to the door “Yeah, I am here Carla,” He shouted while opening the door. A little girl stood in front of the door smiled at him.
“Hi, Naughty girl, what are you doing here?” The man asked the girl.
“I am not naughty. I am a good girl” the little girl showed her disappointed face.
“Okay, good girl” The man amused her. He took her hands hugged her and kissed her forehead.
The girl smiled while closing her nose “You are bad smell, Odd Brother” She laughed.
“That’s Cow’s perfume,” The man laughed also.
“Are you both laughed at me?” a voice broke their laugh.
The man turned around slowly. A beautiful smile from a pretty face fetched his view.
“Evelyn Rose? Why are you here?” The man asked clumsily.
“Evan Adam, do you forget that this is my hometown? I had finished my study in Canberra and I am back to my home now. Today, I came to visit you. Long time no see, right?” The young girl called Evelyn answered.
“Welcome home Evelyn” The man said.
“Well Evan. Come on. I miss the way we fed and squeezed the milk” Evelyn took Evan’s arm and pulled him into the building.
Carla had been inside first. Acting like her father, she moved around to watch and checked the cows one by one. “Good job, Evan” she imitated her father’s sentences.
Evan smiled “Thank you Miss. Douglas”
All laughed seeing Carla’s action.

****

It was late in the afternoon when Evan, Evelyn and Carla arrived at the village where they lived. They passed the gate written, “Welcome to The Divine Home”. It was a small isolated village about thousand miles from the capital city of Australia in the north. The nearest town was “Great Hour” 350 miles from Divine Home. Evan remembered 3 years ago, when he was the first time opened his eyes after sleeping for almost a month, he could count the number of houses there. Years after years, the house added two fold.
Carla and Evan got off from the car when Mrs. Rake Douglas waited in front of the door smiling at them. Evelyn took permission to go home. She turned her Chevrolet and drove it to a two floors house near to the God’s Hand Hospital. It was a small hospital where Evan treated after he got an accident. The one who found him collapsed near the estuary of River Angel was Mr. Rake. Evan was on duty as student exchange when a big wave capsized his ship and casted him away in that small village. At first, he didn’t remember anything. He only found himself lied on the bed with medicine aromatic around him. The doctor concluded that he got temporary amnesia.
Mr. Rake Douglas family treated him like their family. He regarded Evan as his son. Evelyn Rose, Mr. Rake’s neighbor was the one, who looked after her in the hospital, visited Evan every day. She brought him looking around the village. Evan then, fell in love to Evelyn but he never expressed it. Evelyn also looked happy with him. She taught Evan how to feed and took the milk of the cows.
A half year tortured with his feeling, Evan decided to say his love to Evelyn. That was the sound of River Angel became the witness. In the edge of the river, when the sun was going to set in the west, Evan expressed his love.
“I’d like to tell you something, Eve” his voice trembled.
“Yes. Just tell me” Evelyn smiled.
Evan rose from his seat and stood in front of Evelyn. “Would you like to be my girlfriend?” He said nervously.
“Ha ha ha “Evelyn laughed loudly.
Why are you laughing? Is it wrong to love somebody?” Evan protested.
“No, I just never guessed you’d say that. I thought you‘d never” Evelyn rose from her seat. She took water on her hand and washed her face.
“So, what is your answer?” Evan said.
Evelyn took a long breathe. She looked at Evan deeply. “Evan, I can’t…”Evelyn paused.
“Just tell me Eve, I am ready to hear everything, even though I never expected it,” Evan said in desperation. He almost didn’t have power to speak louder.
Evelyn walked back to her seat. “Evan, I can’t refuse you because I love you too” She smiled.
Evan was surprised with the answer but he was very happy. He stood and screamed loudly but unfortunately, he stepped too close with the edge of the river. He lost his balance and fell down into the river. Evelyn laughed at him. Evan also laughed at his fool.
Their happiness was very short. They enjoyed their relation only three months. Evan was broken hearted when Evelyn suddenly came with tears on her eyes. She was sent by her parents to study in a university in the Capital city for three years. She told to Evan to look for another girl if he couldn’t wait her.
Leaved by Evelyn, Evan’s life changed into loneliness and sadness. He got depression. He acted like crazy man. One day, he came to the River Angel. He dreamt there. He laughed alone and screamed loudly in the edge of the river. He suddenly slipped and fell down. His head crashed a hard stone and made him collapse. After that incident, Evan’s memory was back little by little. Mr. Rake and Mrs. Rake decided to return his wallet that they got from evan’s pocket when they found him in the estuary of River Angel. Inside was Evan’s picture with a pretty girl and a card identity. That really helped him getting his memory. Finally, two years after that incident, he got back his memory. He then worked hard to get money that he planned to use to come back to his real family where he supposed to be there by that time.


****

Dion Kamajaya helped Eliza out from the car. Eliza walked with a fold on her eyes. They walked into their favorite restaurant where they used to visit.
“Now open your blind fold” Dion asked when they were in a room.
As Eliza opened the fold, she couldn’t speak seeing what she saw. A dining table with meals on it decorated in pink suit filled her eyes. “Oh my Goodness, is this all for me?” she smiled at Dion. Her face was very happy. She never guessed that Dion had managed a candle light dinner for her.
“Close your eyes” Dion said after Eliza sat on her chair.
“Come on Dion, What else?” Eliza smiled. She wanted to object but she couldn’t fight against her curiosity to know the next surprise from Dion. She closed her eyes. As she opened her eyes, she froze. She couldn’t believe what she saw. A diamond ring stack on it box lied on the table.
Dion took the ring and lifted Eliza’s hand. “Eliza Pratiwi, will you marry me?”
Eliza was still silent. “Yes” She answered shortly.

****

“Are you sure with your decision?”Mrs. Rake asked Evan while putting two cups of coffee on the table.
“I have to, mom. I have family there and I have leaved them in worries about me for many years,” Said Evan bitterly.


Tobe continued...

Subjunctive

FORM
Use the simple form of the verb. The simple form is the infinitive without the "to". The simple form of the verb "to go" is "go". The Subjunctive is only noticeable in certain forms and tenses.

USE

The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after certain expressions (see below).

Examples:

We suggest that he go.
Is it essential that we be there?
Don't recommended that she join the committee.

NOTICE

The Subjunctive is only noticeable in certain forms and tenses. In the examples below, the Subjunctive is not noticeable in the you-form of the verb, but it is noticeable in the he-form of the verb.

Examples:

You try to study often. 
"YOU"-form of "TRY"
It is important that you try to study often. 
Subjunctive form of "try" looks the same.

He tries to study often. 
"He"-form of "try"
It is important that he try to study often. 
Subjunctive form of "try" is noticeable here.

Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive is used after the following verbs:

to command (that)

to recommend (that) 

to demand (that)

to propose (that)

to request (that) 

to suggest (that)

to advise (that) 

to desire (that)

to insist (that)

to urge (that)

to ask (that)

Examples:

Aland asked that Ajar submit his research paper before the end of the month.
Aldy requested Fiand come to the party.
The Instructors desire that her participants be on time.

Subjunctive also follows some expression below:

The Subjunctive is used after the following expressions:

• It is best (that)
• It is crucial (that)
• It is desirable (that)
• It is essential (that)
• It is imperative (that)
• It is important (that)
• It is recommended (that)
• It is urgent (that)
• It is vital (that)
• It is a good idea (that)
• It is a bad idea (that)

Examples:

It is crucial that you be there before I arrive.
It is important that you attend the class.
It is recommended that he take the job.

Negative, Continuous and Passive Forms of Subjunctive

The Subjunctive can be used in negative, continuous and passive forms.

Negative Examples:

The teacher insisted that Lia not be at the school.
The manager asked that employees not play during work hours.
I suggest that you not go Jakarta next week.

Passive Examples:

Ahjum recommended that my debt be paid immediately.
 Angga demanded that I be allowed to take part in the competition.
I suggested that you be accepted as member in the meeting club.

Continuous Examples:

It is important that you be sitting there when I gets off the bus.
It is crucial that a pen be preparing for the final examination.
I propose that I be hearing good news when she came.

Should as Subjunctive

After many of the above expressions, the word "should" is sometimes used to express the idea of subjunctiveness. This form is used more frequently in British English and is most common after the verbs "suggest," "recommend" and "insist."

Examples:

The Manager recommended that she should see a the secretary about the problem.
Professor Fiand suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam.